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<title>Nonpoint source pollution</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nonpoint source pollution</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<li><a href="Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Household_air_pollution" title="Household air pollution">Household air pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a>

<ul><li><a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li>

<li><a href="Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li>

<li><a href="Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li>

<li><a href="Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li>

<li><a href="Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li>

<li><a href="Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li>

<li><a href="War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li>

<li><a href="Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li>

<li><a href="Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li>

<li><a href="Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li>

<li><a href="Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li>

<li><a href="Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a>

<ul><li><a href="Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li>By country</li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AEnvironment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AEcology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Nonpoint source</b> (<b>NPS</b>) <b>pollution</b> refers to diffuse <a href="Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> (or <a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>) of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. It is in contrast to <a href="Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">point source pollution</a> which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from <a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">land runoff</a>, precipitation, <a href="Deposition_(aerosol_physics)" title="Deposition (aerosol physics)">atmospheric deposition</a>, <a href="Drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage">drainage</a>, <a href="Soil_mechanics#Seepage:_steady_state_flow_of_water" title="Soil mechanics">seepage</a>, or hydrological modification (rainfall and snowmelt) where tracing pollution back to a single source is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-epa-nps-overview_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-nps-overview-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonpoint source <a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from <a href="Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> areas draining into a river, or wind-borne <a href="Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source <a href="Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> affects air quality, from sources such as <a href="Smokestack" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokestack">smokestacks</a> or car <a href="Tailpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailpipe">tailpipes</a>. Although these <a href="Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a nonpoint source of pollution; if the discharges were to occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location, the pollution would be single-point.

</p><p>Nonpoint source water pollution may derive from many different sources with no specific solutions or changes to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Nonpoint source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from the everyday activities of many different people, such as lawn <a href="Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilization</a>, applying <a href="Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="Road_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Road construction">road construction</a> or <a href="Building_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Building construction">building construction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tceq-nps_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tceq-nps-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controlling nonpoint source pollution requires improving the management of urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, forestry operations and marinas.

</p><p>

Types of nonpoint source water pollution include <a href="Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, toxic contaminants and chemicals and <a href="Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>. Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of <a href="Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lots</a>, roads and highways, called <a href="Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a>, is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of <a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutrient <a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> in <a href="Stormwater" title="Stormwater">storm water</a> from "sheet flow" over an <a href="Agricultural_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural field">agricultural field</a> or a forest are also examples of non-point source pollution. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_types_(for_water_pollution)">Principal types (for water pollution)</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sediment">Sediment</h3></div>

<caption>Characteristics of point and nonpoint sources of chemical inputs <i>(modified from Novonty and Olem 1994)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter,_S.R._1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter,_S.R._1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<td><b>Point sources</b>

<ul><li>Wastewater effluent (municipal and industrial)</li>

<li>Runoff and leachate from waste disposal systems</li>

<li>Runoff and infiltration from animal feedlots</li>

<li>Runoff from mines, oil fields, unsewered industrial sites</li>

<li>Overflows of combined storm and sanitary sewers</li>

<li>Runoff from construction sites less than 20,000 m<sup>2</sup> (220,000 ft²)</li>

<li>Untreated sewage</li></ul></div>

<p><br>

<b>Nonpoint sources</b>

</p>

<ul><li>Runoff from agriculture due to fertilizers and pesticides /irrigation</li>

<li>Runoff from pasture and range</li>

<li>Urban runoff from unsewered areas</li>

<li>Septic tank leachate</li>

<li>Runoff from construction sites >20,000 m<sup>2</sup> (220,000 ft²)</li>

<li>Runoff from abandoned mines</li>

<li>Atmospheric deposition over a water surface</li>

<li>Other land activities generating contaminants</li></ul></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><a href="Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediment</a> (loose <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>) includes <a href="Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> (fine particles) and <a href="Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a> (larger particles). Sediment may enter surface waters from eroding stream banks, and from <a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> due to improper plant cover on urban and rural land.<sup id="cite_ref-IAfact_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAfact-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sediment creates <a href="Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> (cloudiness) in water bodies, reducing the amount of light reaching lower depths, which can inhibit growth of submerged <a href="Aquatic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic plants">aquatic plants</a> and consequently affect species which are dependent on them, such as <a href="Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an increased sediment load into a body of water, the oxygen can also be depleted or reduced to a level that is harmful to the species living in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-3.Turbidity_and_sediment_dynamics_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.Turbidity_and_sediment_dynamics-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High turbidity levels also inhibit drinking <a href="Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> systems. Sediments are also transported into the <a href="Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> due to waves and wind. When sediments are eroded at a continuous rate, they will stay in the water column and the turbidity level will increase.<sup id="cite_ref-3.Turbidity_and_sediment_dynamics_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.Turbidity_and_sediment_dynamics-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a> is a process by which sediment is transported to a body of water. The sediment will then be deposited into the water system or stay in the water column. When there are high rates of sedimentation, flooding can occur due to a build-up of too much sediment. When flooding occurs, waterfront properties can be damaged further by high amounts of sediment being present.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sediment can also be discharged from multiple different sources. Sources include <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> sites (although these are point sources, which can be managed with <a href="Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion controls</a> and <a href="Sediment_control" title="Sediment control">sediment controls</a>), agricultural fields, stream banks, and highly disturbed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-PSUNonpoint_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSUNonpoint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3></div>

<p>Nutrients mainly refers to inorganic matter from runoff, <a href="Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>, <a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> operations and crop lands. The two primary nutrients of concern are phosphorus and nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> is a nutrient that occurs in many forms that are <a href="Bioavailable" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioavailable">bioavailable</a>. It is notoriously over-abundant in human sewage <a href="Sludge" title="Sludge">sludge</a>. It is a main ingredient in many fertilizers used for agriculture as well as on residential and commercial properties and may become a <a href="Limiting_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Limiting nutrient">limiting nutrient</a> in freshwater systems and some <a href="Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>. Phosphorus is most often transported to water bodies via <a href="Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> because many forms of phosphorus tend to be <a href="Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> on to soil particles. Excess amounts of phosphorus in aquatic systems (particularly freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and ponds) leads to proliferation of microscopic algae called <a href="Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>. The increase of organic matter supply due to the excessive growth of the phytoplankton is called <a href="Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>. A common symptom of eutrophication is <a href="Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> blooms that can produce unsightly surface scums, shade out beneficial types of plants, produce taste-and-odor-causing compounds, and poison the water due to toxins produced by the algae. These toxins are a particular problem in systems used for drinking water because some toxins can cause human illness and removal of the toxins is difficult and expensive. Bacterial decomposition of algal blooms consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, generating <a href="Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> with detrimental consequences for fish and aquatic invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> is the other key ingredient in fertilizers, and it generally becomes a pollutant in saltwater or brackish estuarine systems where nitrogen is a limiting nutrient. Similar to phosphorus in fresh-waters, excess amounts of bioavailable nitrogen in marine systems lead to eutrophication and algae blooms. Hypoxia is an increasingly common result of eutrophication in marine systems and can impact large areas of estuaries, bays, and near shore coastal waters. Each summer, hypoxic conditions form in <a href="Bottom_water" title="Bottom water">bottom waters</a> where the <a href="Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> enters the <a href="Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. During recent summers, the aerial extent of this "dead zone" is comparable to the area of <a href="New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and has major detrimental consequences for fisheries in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Nitrogen is most often transported by water as <a href="Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> (NO<sub>3</sub>). The nitrogen is usually added to a watershed as organic-N or <a href="Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>), so nitrogen stays attached to the soil until <a href="Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> converts it into nitrate. Since the nitrate is generally already incorporated into the soil, the water traveling through the soil (i.e., <a href="Interflow" title="Interflow">interflow</a> and <a href="Tile_drainage" title="Tile drainage">tile drainage</a>) is the most likely to transport it, rather than surface runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxic_contaminants_and_chemicals">Toxic contaminants and chemicals</h3></div>

<p>Toxic chemicals mainly include <a href="Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a> and <a href="Inorganic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic compounds">inorganic compounds</a>. Inorganic compounds, including heavy metals like <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and <a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> are resistant to breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-PSUNonpoint_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSUNonpoint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These contaminants can come from a variety of sources including human sewage sludge, <a href="Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> operations, vehicle emissions, <a href="Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> combustion, urban runoff, industrial operations and landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other toxic contaminants include organic compounds such as <a href="Polychlorinated_biphenyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychlorinated biphenyls">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCBs) and <a href="Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs), fire retardants, and many <a href="Agrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrochemicals">agrochemicals</a> like <a href="DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, other pesticides, and fertilizers. These compounds can have severe effects to the ecosystem and water-bodies and can threaten the health of both humans and aquatic species while being resistant to environmental breakdown, thus allowing them to persist in the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-PSUNonpoint_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSUNonpoint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These compounds can also be present in the air and water environments, causing damage to the environment and risking harmful exposure to living species.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These toxic chemicals could come from croplands, nurseries, orchards, building sites, gardens, lawns and landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Acids and salts mainly are inorganic pollutants from irrigated lands, mining operations, urban runoff, industrial sites and landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other inorganic toxic contaminants can come from foundries and other factory plants, sewage, mining, and coal-burning power stations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h3></div>

<p><a href="Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">Pathogens</a> are bacteria and viruses that can be found in water and cause diseases in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-PSUNonpoint_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSUNonpoint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, pathogens cause disease when they are present in public drinking water supplies. Pathogens found in contaminated runoff may include:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cryptosporidium parvum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i> and other <a href="Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a></li>

<li><a href="Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">Parasitic worms</a> (helminths).</li></ul>

<p><a href="Coliform_bacteria" title="Coliform bacteria">Coliform bacteria</a> and <a href="Fecal_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal matter">fecal matter</a> may also be detected in runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-PSUNonpoint_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSUNonpoint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> are a commonly used <a href="Indicator_bacteria" title="Indicator bacteria">indicator</a> of water pollution, but not an actual cause of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pathogens may contaminate runoff due to poorly managed livestock operations, faulty <a href="Septic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Septic system">septic systems</a>, improper handling of pet waste, the over application of human sewage <a href="Sludge" title="Sludge">sludge</a>, contaminated storm sewers, and <a href="Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer overflow">sanitary sewer overflows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAfact_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAfact-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PSUNonpoint_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSUNonpoint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_sources_(for_water_pollution)">Principal sources (for water pollution)</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_and_suburban_areas">Urban and suburban areas</h3></div>

<p><a href="Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Area">Urban</a> and <a href="Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban areas</a> are a main sources of nonpoint source pollution due to the amount of runoff that is produced due to the large amount of paved surfaces. Paved surfaces, such as <a href="Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> and <a href="Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> are impervious to water penetrating them. Any water that is on contact with these surfaces will run off and be absorbed by the surrounding environment. These surfaces make it easier for stormwater to carry pollutants into the surrounding soil.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Construction sites tend to have disturbed soil that is easily eroded by <a href="Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> like <a href="Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, and <a href="Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>. Additionally, discarded debris on the site can be carried away by runoff waters and enter the aquatic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Contaminated stormwater washed off parking lots, roads and highways, and lawns (often containing <a href="Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and <a href="Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>) is called <a href="Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a>. This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it a point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby <a href="Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface waters</a>. However, not all urban runoff flows through <a href="Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drain</a> systems before entering water bodies. Some may flow directly into water bodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharges, <a href="Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true nonpoint sources as municipalities work to abate them. An example of this is in Michigan, through a NPS (nonpoint source) program. This program helps stakeholders create watershed management plans to combat nonpoint source pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Typically, in suburban areas, chemicals are used for lawn care. These chemicals can end up in runoff and enter the surrounding environment via storm drains in the city. Since the water in storm drains is not treated before flowing into surrounding water bodies, the chemicals enter the water directly.

</p><p>Other significant sources of runoff include <a href="Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat modification</a> and <a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a> (forestry).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_operations">Agricultural operations</h3></div>

<p>Nutrients (<a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>) are typically applied to farmland as commercial <a href="Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, animal <a href="Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from <a href="Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">crop residues</a>, <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water, <a href="Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, and <a href="Deposition_(Aerosol_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (Aerosol physics)">atmospheric deposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agmm_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-agmm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 2–9">: p. 2–9 </span></sup> <a href="Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a> such as nitrates can harm the aquatic environments by degrading water quality by lowering levels of oxygen, which can inturn induce algal blooms and <a href="Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other agrochemicals such as pesticides and fungicides can enter environments from agricultural lands through runoff and deposition as well. Pesticides such as DDT or atrazine can travel through waterways or stay suspended in air and carried by wind in a process known as <a href="Pesticide_drift" title="Pesticide drift">"spray drift"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediment</a> (loose <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>) washed off fields is a form of <a href="Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural pollution</a>. Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such as <a href="Factory_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farm">factory farms</a>, are often point source dischargers. These facilities are called "concentrated animal feeding operations" or "<a href="Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a>" in the US and are being subject to increasing government regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Agricultural operations account for a large percentage of all nonpoint source pollution in the United States. When large tracts of land are <a href="Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plowed</a> to grow <a href="Crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Crops">crops</a>, it exposes and loosens soil that was once buried. This makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to <a href="Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> during <a href="Rainstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainstorm">rainstorms</a>. It also can increase the amount of fertilizer and pesticides carried into nearby bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_inputs">Atmospheric inputs</h3></div>

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<p>Atmospheric deposition is a source of inorganic and organic constituents because these constituents are transported from sources of air pollution to receptors on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Colman_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lopes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, industrial facilities, like <a href="Factory" title="Factory">factories</a>, emit air pollution via a <a href="Smokestack" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokestack">smokestack</a>. Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it can be considered as nonpoint source in the depositional area. Atmospheric inputs that affect runoff quality may come from dry deposition between storm events and wet deposition during storm events. The effects of vehicular traffic on the wet and dry deposition that occurs on or near highways, roadways, and parking areas creates uncertainties in the magnitudes of various atmospheric sources in runoff. Existing networks that use protocols sufficient to quantify these concentrations and loads do not measure many of the constituents of interest and these networks are too sparse to provide good deposition estimates at a local scale <sup id="cite_ref-Colman_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lopes_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway_runoff">Highway runoff</h3></div>

<p>Highway runoff accounts for a small but widespread percentage of all nonpoint source pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harned (1988) estimated that runoff loads were composed of atmospheric fallout (9%), vehicle deposition (25%) and <a href="Road#Maintenance" title="Road">highway maintenance</a> materials (67%) he also estimated that about 9 percent of these loads were reentrained in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forestry_and_mining_operations">Forestry and mining operations</h3></div>

<p><a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> and <a href="Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact of mining">mining</a> operations can have significant inputs to nonpoint source pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Department_of_Commerce_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_Commerce-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forestry">Forestry</h4></div>

<p>Forestry operations reduce the number of trees in a given area, thus reducing the oxygen levels in that area as well. This action, coupled with the heavy machinery (harvesters, etc.) rolling over the soil increases the risk of <a href="Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Department_of_Commerce_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_Commerce-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mining">Mining</h4></div>

<p>Active <a href="Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> operations are considered point sources, however runoff from abandoned mining operations contribute to nonpoint source pollution. In <a href="Strip_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip mining">strip mining</a> operations, the top of the mountain is removed to expose the desired <a href="Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>. If this area is not properly reclaimed once the mining has finished, <a href="Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> can occur. Additionally, there can be chemical reactions with the air and newly exposed rock to create acidic runoff. Water that seeps out of abandoned <a href="Underground_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining">subsurface mines</a> can also be highly acidic. This can seep into the nearest body of water and change the pH in the aquatic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marinas_and_boating_activities">Marinas and boating activities</h3></div>

<p>Chemicals used for boat maintenance, like <a href="Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, and <a href="Oil" title="Oil">oils</a> find their way into water through runoff. Additionally, spilling fuels or leaking fuels directly into the water from boats contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Nutrient and bacteria levels are increased by poorly maintained sanitary waste receptacles on the boat and pump-out stations.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_(for_water_pollution)">Control (for water pollution)</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a> and <a href="Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_and_suburban_areas_2">Urban and suburban areas</h3></div>

<p>To control nonpoint source pollution, many different approaches can be undertaken in both urban and suburban areas. <a href="Buffer_strip" title="Buffer strip">Buffer strips</a> provide a barrier of grass in between impervious paving material like parking lots and roads, and the closest body of water. This allows the soil to absorb any pollution before it enters the local aquatic system. <a href="Retention_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Retention pond">Retention ponds</a> can be built in drainage areas to create an aquatic buffer between runoff pollution and the aquatic environment. Runoff and storm water drain into the retention pond allowing for the contaminants to settle out and become trapped in the pond. The use of <a href="Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">porous pavement</a> allows for rain and storm water to drain into the ground beneath the pavement, reducing the amount of runoff that drains directly into the water body. Restoration methods such as <a href="Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">constructing wetlands</a> are also used to slow runoff as well as absorb contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Construction sites typically implement simple measures to reduce pollution and runoff. Firstly, sediment or <a href="Silt_fence" title="Silt fence">silt fences</a> are erected around construction sites to reduce the amount of sediment and large material draining into the nearby water body. Secondly, laying grass or straw along the border of construction sites also work to reduce nonpoint source pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In areas served by single-home septic systems, local government regulations can force septic system maintenance to ensure compliance with water quality standards. In <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington (state)</a>, a novel approach was developed through a creation of a "shellfish protection district" when either a commercial or recreational shellfish bed is downgraded because of ongoing nonpoint source pollution. The shellfish protection district is a geographic area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources, and provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control nonpoint sources of pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least two shellfish protection districts in south <a href="Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> have instituted septic system operation and maintenance requirements with program fees tied directly to property taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_operations_2">Agricultural operations</h3></div>

<p>To control sediment and runoff, farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. Common techniques include <a href="Contour_plowing" title="Contour plowing">contour plowing</a>, crop <a href="Mulch" title="Mulch">mulching</a>, <a href="Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>, planting <a href="Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> crops, or installing <a href="Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">riparian buffers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agmm_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-agmm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 4-95–4-96">: pp. 4-95–4-96 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="Conservation_tillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation tillage">Conservation tillage</a></i> is a concept used to reduce runoff. The farmer leaves crop residues from previous plantings on and in the ground to help reduce splash and sheet erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Nutrients are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer; animal <a href="Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>; or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from <a href="Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">crop residues</a>, <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water, <a href="Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, and <a href="Deposition_(Aerosol_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (Aerosol physics)">atmospheric deposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agmm_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-agmm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 2–9">: p. 2–9 </span></sup> Farmers can develop and implement <a href="Nutrient_management" title="Nutrient management">nutrient management</a> plans to reduce excess application of nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agmm_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-agmm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 4-37–4-38">: pp. 4-37–4-38 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use <a href="Integrated_Pest_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Pest Management">Integrated Pest Management</a> (IPM) techniques (which can include <a href="Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a>) to maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect <a href="Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forestry_operations">Forestry operations</h3></div>

<p>With a well-planned placement of both logging trails, also called skid trails, can reduce the amount of sediment generated. By planning the trails location as far away from the logging activity as possible as well as contouring the trails with the land, it can reduce the amount of loose sediment in the runoff. Additionally, by replanting trees on the land after logging, it provides a structure for the soil to regain stability as well as replaces the logged environment.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marinas">Marinas</h3></div>

<p>Installing shut off valves on fuel pumps at a marina dock can help reduce the amount of spillover into the water. Additionally, pump-out stations that are easily accessible to boaters in a marina can provide a clean place in which to dispose of sanitary waste without dumping it directly into the water. Finally, something as simple as having trash containers around a marina can prevent larger objects entering the water.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_examples">Country examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Water_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Water pollution in the United States">Water pollution in the United States</a></div><p>Nonpoint source pollution is the leading cause of <a href="Water_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Water pollution in the United States">water pollution in the United States</a> today, with polluted runoff from agriculture and <a href="Hydromodification" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydromodification">hydromodification</a> the primary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-2004-wq-report_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-2004-wq-report-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agmm_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-agmm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulation_of_Nonpoint_Source_Pollution_in_the_United_States">Regulation of Nonpoint Source Pollution in the United States</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Nonpoint_source_water_pollution_regulations_in_the_United_States" title="Nonpoint source water pollution regulations in the United States">Nonpoint source water pollution regulations in the United States</a></div>

<p>The definition of a nonpoint source is addressed under the U.S. <a href="Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> as interpreted by the <a href="U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). The law does not provide for direct federal regulation of nonpoint sources, but state and local governments may do so pursuant to state laws. For example, many states have taken the steps to implement their own management programs for places such as their coastlines, all of which have to be approved by the <a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> and the EPA.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goals of these programs and those alike are to create foundations that encourage statewide pollution reduction by growing and improving systems that already exist.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs within these state and local governments look to <a href="Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">best management practices</a> (BMPs) in order to accomplish their goals of finding the least costly method to reduce the greatest amount of pollution. BMPs can be implemented for both agricultural and urban runoff, and can also be either structural or nonstructural methods. Federal agencies, including EPA and the <a href="Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a>, have approved and provided a list of commonly used BMPs for the many different categories of nonpoint source pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._Clean_Water_Act_provisions_for_states">U.S. Clean Water Act provisions for states</h4></div>

<p>Congress authorized the CWA section 319 grant program in 1987. Grants are provided to states, territories, and tribes in order to encourage implementation and further development in policy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law requires all states to operate NPS management programs. EPA requires regular program updates in order to effectively manage the ever-changing nature of their waters, and to ensure effective use of the 319 grant funds and resources.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990 created a program under the <a href="Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> that mandates development of nonpoint source pollution management measures in states with coastal waters.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CZARA requires states with coastlines to implement management measures to remediate water pollution, and to make sure that the product of these measures is implementation as opposed to adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Fertilizer_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizer runoff">Agricultural nutrient runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Stochastic_empirical_loading_and_dilution_model" title="Stochastic empirical loading and dilution model">stochastic empirical loading and dilution model</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a> (water quality indicator)</li>

<li><a href="Surface-water_hydrology" title="Surface-water hydrology">Surface-water hydrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_quality_modelling" title="Water quality modelling">Water quality modelling</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_pollution/015controlling.html#:~:text=The%20buffer%20strip%20absorbs%20soil,trapped%20in%20the%20retention%20pond.">"Nonpoint Source Pollution, NOS Education Offering"</a>. <i>oceanservice.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psparchives.com/restore-habs/">"Restore Habitat"</a>. <i>Marine</i>. 10 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.thurston.wa.us/health/ehrp/nisqually.html">"PHSS HomeA-Z TopicsPrograms/Serv"</a>. Co.thurston.wa.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Fort Worth, TX. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/practice-standards/standards/330.pdf">National Conservation Practice Standard: Contour Farming."</a> Code 330. June 2007.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NRCS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/practice-standards/standards/484.pdf">National Conservation Practice Standard: Mulching."</a> Code 484. September 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NRCS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/practice-standards/standards/590.pdf">"National Conservation Practice Standard: Nutrient Management."</a> Code 590. August 2006.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NRCS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/practice-standards/standards/595.pdf">National Conservation Practice Standard: Pest Management."</a> Code 595. July 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402080938/http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/ipm.htm">"Integrated Pest Management Principles."</a> March 13, 2008.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-EPA-2004-wq-report-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA-2004-wq-report_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/2004-national-water-quality-inventory-report-congress">National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress; 2004 Reporting Cycle</a> (Report). EPA. January 2009. EPA 841-R-08-001.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2000-05-01/pdf/00-10778.pdf">"Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program: Approval Decision on California Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GovInfo</i>. Federal Register.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Carolyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2000-02-09/pdf/CREC-2000-02-09-pt1-PgE100-3.pdf">"Nonpoint Pollution Control Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GovInfo</i>. Congressional Record.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo11965/tribal-handbook2010.pdf)">"Handbook for Developing and Managing Tribal Nonpoint Source Pollution Programs Under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act"</a>. EPA.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/nps/319-grant-program-states-and-territories">"319 Grant Program for States and Territories"</a>. <i>Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution</i>. EPA. 2019-12-04.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/319-guidelines-fy14.pdf">"Nonpoint Source Program and Grants Guidelines for States and Territories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. EPA. 2013.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502010936/https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/pollutioncontrol/media/6217progguidance.pdf">"Coastal Nonpoint Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/pollutioncontrol/media/6217progguidance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/nps/plans_policies.html">"Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program"</a>. California State Water Resources Control Board<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/nps">US EPA – Nonpoint Source Management Program</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li>

<li><a href="Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li>

<li><a href="Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_eutrophication" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural eutrophication">Cultural eutrophication</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendly_Floatees" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly Floatees">Friendly Floatees</a></li>

<li><a href="Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="South Pacific garbage patch">South Pacific</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbead" title="Microbead">Microbead</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li>

<li><a href="Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li>

<li><a href="Phase-out_of_lightweight_plastic_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags">Plastic bags</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_pellet_pollution" title="Plastic pellet pollution">Plastic pellet pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">Shutdown of thermohaline circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_silver_nanoparticles" title="Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles">Silver nanoparticles</a></li>

<li><a href="Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution1274" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div id="Pollution1274" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_pollution_measurement" title="Air pollution measurement">Air pollution measurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_poverty_and_cooking" title="Energy poverty and cooking">Polluting cooking fuels</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a>

<ul><li><a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a>

<li><a href="Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Industrial</li>

<li>Military</li>

<li>Abstract</li>

<li><a href="Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">